Failure rate, return-to-sports and magnetic resonance imaging after meniscal repair: 119 patients with 7 years mean follow up.

BACKGROUND: One of the most important factors to consider in relation to meniscal repair is the high failure rate reported in the existing literature. AIM: To evaluate failure rates, return to sports (RTS) rate, clinical outcomes and magnetic resonance image (MRI) evaluation after meniscus suture repair for longitudinal tears at a minimum 2-year-follow-up. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of meniscal repairs between January 2004 and December 2018. All patients treated for longitudinal tears associated or not with an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) were included. Meniscal ramp lesions, radial and root tears, associated with multiligament injuries, tibial fracture and meniscal allograft transplants were excluded. Surgical details and failure rate, defined as symptomatic patients who underwent a revision surgery, were analyzed. As isolated bucket handle tears (BHTs) were usually associated with higher failure rates, we compared BHTs and not BHTs associated or not with an ACL-R. Since 2014, the inside-out technique using cannulas and suture needles with 2-0 Tycron began to predominate. In addition, the number of stitches per repair was increased. In view of differences in surgical technique, we compared two different cohorts: before and after 2014. We recorded the RTS according to the level achieved and the time to RTS. Lysholm and IKDC scores were recorded. Patients were studied with x-rays and MRI as standard postoperative control. RESULTS: One hundred and nineteen patients were included with a mean follow up of 7 years (SD: 4.08). Overall failure rate was 20.3% at a mean 20.1 mo. No statistically significant differences were found when comparing failure for medial and lateral meniscal repair (22.7% and 15.3%, P = 0.36), BHTs and not BHTs (26% and 17.6%, P = 0.27), isolated or associated with an ACL-R (22.9% and 18%, P = 0.47), or when comparing only BHTs associated with an ACL-R (23% and 27.7%, P = 0.9) or not. When comparing cohorts before and after 2014, we found a significant decrease in the overall failure rate from 26% to 11% (P < 0.03). Isolated lesions presented a decrease from 28% to 6.6% (P = 0.02), BHTs from 34% to 8% (P = 0.09) and those associated with an ACL-R from 25% to 10% (P = 0.09). Mean RTS time was 6.5 mo in isolated lesions and 8.64 mo when associated with an ACL-R. Overall, 56% of patients returned to the same sport activity level. Mean pre and postoperative Lysholm scores were 64 and 85 (P = 0.02), and IKDC 58 and 70 (P = 0.03). Out of 84 asymptomatic patients evaluated with MRI, 39% were classified as "not healed" and 61% as "healed". CONCLUSION: Even though the overall failure rate of our series was 20.3%, we found a statistically significant decrease from 26% to 11%, not only for isolated lesions, but also for BHT's and those associated with an ACL-R when comparing our series in two different cohorts, most probably due to improvements in surgical technique.

Substantial Variability in Platelet-Rich Plasma Composition Is Based on Patient Age and Baseline Platelet Count.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and baseline blood count on the final composition of platelet rich-plasma (PRP) and to evaluate the variability of PRP applied in the same patient at 2 different times. Methods: Potential subjects treated with PRP between January 2019 and December 2021 were identified in an institutional registry. Patient demographics and baseline blood count were prospectively recorded in a consecutive series of patients treated with PRP for a musculoskeletal condition in our Institution. The influence of sex, BMI, age, and baseline blood count on final platelet concentrations in PRP was evaluated. Finally, intrapersonal variability was evaluated. Results: A total of 403 PRP injections from 357 patients were analyzed from an institutional prospective registry of PRP between January 2019 and December 2021. A directly proportional variation in PRP platelet count of 3.8× was observed for each unit increase in baseline blood platelet count. For every decade increase, we observed an approximate decrease of 32,666 platelets. When the first dose of PRP platelet counts was compared with the second dose of PRP platelet counts between the same patients, significant differences were found. A mean of 890,018 platelets in the first PRP and a mean of 1,244,467 in the second PRP with a mean difference of 354,448 was found (P = .008). We did not find differences in the final concentration of platelets regarding sex, BMI, or PRP protocol. Conclusions: Overall the final composition of PRP (platelet count) was significantly influenced by patient's age and baseline platelet count. In contrast, BMI, sex and the rest of the components of the baseline blood count did not have a significant influence on final PRP. Furthermore, in patients who received 2 doses of PRP, the final concentration of platelets varied significantly between the 2 preparations. Level of Evidence: Level IV, prognostic case series.

Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Return to sports at a minimum 5-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Between 43% and 75% of patients who undergo primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery return to sport activity. However, after a revision ACL reconstruction (ACLR) the rate of return to sports is variable. A few publications have reported returns to sports incidence between 56% to 100% after revision ACLR. AIM: To determine return to sports and functional outcomes after a single-stage revision ACLR with a 5-year minimum follow-up at a single institution. METHODS: All patients operated between 2010 and 2016 with a minimum 5 years of follow-up were included. Type of sport, intensity, frequency, expectation, time to return to sport and failure rate were recorded. Lysholm, Tegner and International Knee Documentation Committee forms were evaluated prior to the first ACLR surgery, at 6 mo after primary surgery and after revision ACLR at 5 years minimum of follow-up. Objective stability was tested with the knee arthrometer test (KT-1000 knee arthrometer, Medmetric Corp). RESULTS: A total of 41 patients who underwent revision ACLR during that period of time were contacted and available for follow-up. Median patient age at time of revision was 29 years old [interquartile range (IQR): 24.0-36.0], and 39 (95.0%) were male. The median time from revision procedure to follow-up was 70 mo (IQR: 58.0-81.0). Regarding return to sports, 16 (39.0%) were at the same level compared to preinjury period, and 25 patients (61.0%) returned at a lower level. Sixty-three percent categorized the sport as very important and 37.0% as important. One patient (2.4%) failed with a recurrent ACL torn. Mean preoperative Lysholm and subjective International Knee Documentation Committee scores were 58.8 [standard deviation (SD) 16] and 50 (SD 11), respectively. At follow-up, mean Lysholm and subjective International Knee Documentation Committee scores were 89 (SD 8) and 82 (SD 9) (P = 0.0001). Mean Tegner score prior to primary ACLR was 6.7 (SD 1.3), 5.1 (1.5 SD) prior to revision ACLR and 5.6 (1.6 SD) at follow-up (P = 0.0002). Overall, knee arthrometer test measurement showed an average of 6 mm (IQR: 4.0-6.0) side-to-side difference of displacement prior to revision ACLR and 3mm (IQR: 1.5-4.0) after revision. CONCLUSION: Almost 40.0% of patients returned to preinjury sports level and 60.0% to a lower level. These may be useful when counseling a patient regarding sports expectations after a revision ACLR.

Overview of the anterolateral complex of the knee.

In the last few years, much more information on the anterolateral complex of the knee has become available. It has now been demonstrated how it works in conjunction with the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) controlling anterolateral rotatory laxity. Biomechanical studies have shown that the anterolateral complex (ALC) has a role as a secondary stabilizer to the ACL in opposing anterior tibial translation and internal tibial rotation. It is of utmost importance that surgeons comprehend the intricate anatomy of the entire anterolateral aspect of the knee. Although most studies have only focused on the anterolateral ligament (ALL), the ALC of the knee consists of a functional unit formed by the layers of the iliotibial band combined with the anterolateral joint capsule. Considerable interest has also been given to imaging evaluation using magnetic resonance and several studies have targeted the evaluation of the ALC in the setting of ACL injury. Results are inconsistent with a lack of association between magnetic resonance imaging evidence of injury and clinical findings. Isolated ACL reconstruction may not always reestablish knee rotatory stability in patients with associated ALC injury. In such cases, additional procedures, such as anterolateral reconstruction or lateral tenodesis, may be indicated. There are several techniques available for ALL reconstruction. Graft options include the iliotibial band, gracilis or semitendinosus tendon autograft, or allograft.

Good Short-Term Clinical Outcomes and Low Rates of Return to Sports after Repeat Revision ACL Reconstruction.

Repeat revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) is a rare, demanding procedure and, as such, has not been well studied. Most of the available literature shows improved functional outcomes compared with preoperative state but inferior results when compared with primary ACL-R, particularly regarding return to preinjury level of sports. The purpose of this study was to assess functional outcomes in patients who had undergone repeat revision ACL-R. The secondary aims were to register return to sports, associated meniscal and/or chondral lesions, and evaluate radiological anatomical parameters. Nine patients between 2011 and 2017 were evaluated, who had a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Median age at repeat ACL-R was 32 years (interquartile range [IQR], 30-34 years) and the median follow-up was 27 months (IQR, 24-39 months). Data collected prior to surgery and at last follow-up included patient demographics, operative findings, physical examination findings including pivot shift and KT-1000 arthrometer measurement; Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective scores; and return to sports and level using the Tegner score. Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) subjective score and radiographic anatomical parameters were recorded at last follow-up. Mean IKDC and Lysholm score improvement was 25 points (confidence interval [CI] 12-37) and 25 points (CI 11-39), respectively (p < 0.001). The median postoperative KOOS score was pain: 93 (IQR, 64-96); symptoms: 94 (IQR, 83-97); activities of daily life: 96 (IQR, 90-100); sports: 75 (IQR, 50-90); and quality of life: 50 (IQR, 43-81). Postoperative median side-to-side KT-1000 arthrometer difference was 2 mm (IQR, 1-8 mm). The median radiographic posterior tibial slope was 10 degrees (IQR, 9-10). One patient was considered a failure at 16 months postoperative. Only 44% (four out of nine) patients were able to return to their sports. None of these patients had a cartilage injury, while three out of five patients who did not return to their sports had International Cartilage Regeneration & Joint Preservation Society grade III or IV cartilage injury. Patients should be counseled on the challenging outcomes of repeat revision ACL-R. This is Level IV, therapeutic case series.

Osteotomia valguizante de tibia aditiva medial: analisis de dos tipos de implante / Valgus tibial osteotomy. Two surgical alternatives

La osteotomía valguizante de tibia es un procedimiento comúnmente utilizado para la corrección del deseje en varo con el objetivo de restaurar el eje neutro. Existen dos alternativas quirúrgicas: osteotomía de apertura y de cierre. Los implantes utilizados para la osteotomía de apertura ofrecen ciertas ventajas y también desventajas. El objetivo de esta nota técnica es describir y comparar dos tipos de implante diseñados para las osteotomías valguizantes de tibia proximal: la placa Puddu y la placa TomoFix™. Nivel de Evidencia: V

The valgus tibial osteotomy is a procedure commonly used for the correction of the varus displacement with the objective of restoring the neutral axis. There are two surgical alternatives, opening and closing osteotomy. The implants used for opening osteotomy offer certain advantages and disadvantages. The objective of this technical note is to describe and compare two types of implants designed for valgus osteotomies of the proximal tibia: the Puddu plate and the TomoFix™ plate. Level of Evidence: V

Osteonecrosis bilateral de rodilla tratada con descompresión y concentrado de aspirado de médula ósea / Bilateral knee osteonecrosis with decompression and bone marrow concentrate

Descripta por Ahlbäck en 1968, la osteonecrosis de rodilla es una patología con un gran potencial de morbilidad. Está dividida en tres grandes grupos: primaria/espontánea, postoperatoria y secundaria/atraumática. Esta última podría estar directamente relacionada con el consumo prolongado de corticoides. Su tratamiento constituye un desafío para el cirujano ortopedista. Va a depender del estadio de la enfermedad y del colapso articular, y se intentará siempre preservar la superficie articular nativa. Dentro de las distintas opciones terapéuticas, las terapias biológicas constituyen una herramienta potencialmente valiosa como complemento al tratamiento quirúrgico, y muestran resultados clínicos esperanzadores. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con una osteonecrosis de rodilla bilateral, secundaria al consumo crónico de corticoides, tratada con una artroscopía bilateral asociada a perforaciones subcondrales descompresivas y aplicación subcondral de concentrado de médula ósea (CMO), con evolución satisfactoria de los síntomas a los treinta meses de seguimiento en la rodilla derecha, mientras que en la rodilla izquierda presentó una evolución tórpida de los síntomas a partir de los veinticuatro meses, por lo que está en plan de reemplazo articular.

Described by Ahlbäck in 1968, osteonecrosis of the knee is a pathology with great potential for morbidity. It is divided into three large groups: primary/spontaneous, postoperative, and secondary/atraumatic. The latter might be directly related to prolonged consumption of steroids. Its treatment is a challenge for the orthopedist. It will depend on the disease stage and articular collapse, always trying to preserve the native articular surface. Within the different therapeutic options, biological therapies are a potentially valuable tool as a complement to surgical treatment, showing encouraging clinical results. We present the case of a female patient with bilateral osteonecrosis of the knee, secondary to chronic consumption of steroids, treated with bilateral arthroscopy associated with decompressive subchondral perforations and subchondral application of bone marrow concentrate (BMC), with a satisfactory evolution of symptoms after thirty months of follow-up in the right knee. However, the left knee showed a torpid evolution of symptoms after twenty-four months of follow-up, so she is on a joint replacement plan

Preparación del injerto con vancomicina y su incidencia en la disminución de infección luego de la reconstrucción del LCA / Presoaking of autograft in vancomycin for primary ACL reconstruction. Incidence of infection decreased

Introducción: La artritis séptica (AS) posterior a la cirugía de reconstrucción del LCA (RLCA) es una complicación infrecuente pero potencialmente devastadora. Para disminuir el riesgo de esta complicación, en el 2019 comenzamos a utilizar el tratamiento local del injerto de LCA con vancomicina previo a su colocación. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la incidencia de AS postoperatoria en pacientes en los que se utilizó este protocolo con el período inmediatamente anterior, en el que no se usó. Materiales y métodos: Se efectuó un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva con inclusión de todos los pacientes a los que se les realizó una RLCA primaria. Se analizaron dos períodos consecutivos: enero de 2016 a febrero de 2019 (grupo sin tratamiento local con vancomicina) y marzo de 2019 a marzo de 2021 (grupo con protocolo con vancomicina). Se estimó la incidencia de AS postoperatoria en ambos grupos. Se registraron también los casos de infección superficial del sitio quirúrgico y los casos de rigidez postoperatoria. Resultados: se incluyeron un total de ochocientos ocho pacientes. El grupo sin vancomicina quedó conformado por quinientos cincuenta y un (68%) pacientes y el grupo con vancomicina por doscientos cincuenta y siete (32%). En total, siete de los quinientos cincuenta y un pacientes en los cuales no se utilizó vancomicina desarrollaron AS, lo que arrojó una incidencia del 1.27% (IC 95%: 0.5% - 2.5%), mientras que no se registraron casos de AS en el grupo de pacientes en los cuales se utilizó el protocolo con vancomicina (p = 0.07). Con respecto a las infecciones superficiales, se registraron cuatro casos, todas también en el grupo sin vancomicina (p = 0.17). En cuanto a los casos de rigidez postoperatoria se registraron en total catorce, doce del primer grupo (2.1%) y dos del segundo grupo (0.78%) (p = 0.156). Conclusión: El tratamiento local de los injertos con vancomicina previo a la RLCA evitó la AS postoperatoria durante el período de estudio, en comparación con el período inmediatamente anterior, en el que no se utilizó vancomicina. Nivel de Evidencia: III

Introduction: Postoperative septic arthritis (SA) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is a rare but potentially devastating complication. To decrease this risk in 2019 we started presoaking ACL grafts with vancomycin prior to implantation. The purpose of this study was to compare the rate of postoperative SA with and without vancomycin presoaked grafts. Materials and methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted including all patients who underwent primary ACLR. Consecutive periods were studied, inclusive of January 2016 through February 2019 (group without vancomycin) and March 2019 through March 2021 (group with vancomycin protocol). The final outcome studied was occurrence of postoperative SA in both groups. Cases of superficial wound infection and cases of postoperative arthrofibrosis were also recorded. Results: a total of 808 patients were included in the study: 551 (68%) in the group without vancomycin and 257 (32%) in the vancomycin protocol group. Seven cases of postoperative SA were noted in the first group (rate 1.27%, IC95%: 0,5% - 2,5%), while no cases of SA were noted in the vancomycin group during the study period (p = 0.07). Regarding superficial wound infection, four cases were noted, all of them in the first group (p = 0.17). A total of fourteen cases of arthrofibrosis were treated with a mobilization under anesthesia, twelve from the first group (2.1%) and two from the vancomycin group (0.78%) (p = 0.156). Conclusion: Presoaking of autografts in vancomycin for primary ACLR prevented the occurrence of postoperative SA during the study period as compared with no soaking of the grafts. Level of Evidence: III

Has platelet-rich plasma any role in partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament? Prospective comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are frequent, and there is still considerable controversy surrounding their diagnosis, natural history and treatment. AIM: To examine patient-reported outcomes, physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of partial ACL tears treated with an intraarticular injection of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) compared to a control group. METHODS: From January 2015 to November 2017, consecutive patients from a single institution with partial ACL tears treated nonoperatively were prospectively evaluated. Partial tears were defined as a positive Lachman test with a clear end-point, a negative pivot-shift and less than 3 mm of side-to-side difference using the KT1000 arthrometer. Patients in group 1 were treated with one intraarticular injection of PRP and specific physical therapy protocol. Control group consisted of patients treated only with physical therapy. Prospective analyzed data included physical examination, Tegner activity level and Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee scores. Baseline MRI findings and at 6 mo follow-up were reviewed. Failure was defined as those patients with clinical instability at follow-up that required a subsequent ACL reconstruction. RESULTS: A total of 40 patients where included, 21 treated with PRP injection with a mean follow-up of 25 mo [standard deviation (SD): 3.6] and 19 in the control group with a mean follow-up of 25 mo (SD: 5.68). Overall failure rate was 32.0% (n = 13). No significant differences were observed between groups regarding subjective outcomes, return to sport and failure rate. MRI findings revealed an improvement in the ACL signal in half of the patients of both groups. However, we did not find a significant relationship between MRI findings and clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION: Overall, 95.0% of patients returned to sports at a mean follow-up of 25 mo. Mean time to return to sports was 4 mo. Out of these patients, almost 30.0% in each group had a new episode of instability and required surgery at a median time of 5 mo in group 1 and 8 mo in group 2. The addition of PRP alone was not sufficient to enhance any of the outcome measures evaluated, including MRI images, clinical evaluation and failure rate.

Artroscopia bilateral de rodilla en un solo tiempo quirúrgico, ¿es una opción segura? / Is single-stage bilateral knee arthroscopy a safe option?

Introducción: La artroscopia bilateral de rodilla en un solo tiempo quirúrgico permite cursar un solo posoperatorio y una única rehabilitación. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los resultados clínico-funcionales y el tiempo hasta el retorno laboral y deportivo en una serie de pacientes sometidos a una artroscopia bilateral en un solo tiempo quirúrgico. materiales y métodos: Se evaluó a una serie retrospectiva de pacientes desde abril de 2016 hasta abril de 2019, que fueron sometidos a una artroscopia bi-lateral de rodilla en un solo tiempo quirúrgico. Se analizaron los resultados clínico-funcionales a corto y mediano plazo, y el tiempo para el retorno laboral y deportivo. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 41 años (rango 18-63). El seguimiento promedio fue de 18 meses (rango 6-37). Los tiempos de anestesia y quirúrgico promedio fueron 105 min (rango 60-170) y 85 min (rango 50-150), respectivamente. El tiempo promedio para el retorno laboral fue de 2 meses (rango 1-5). Todos los pacientes recuperaron el rango completo de movilidad articular. Conclusiones: Si bien se han obtenido buenos resultados clínicos con la artroscopia bilateral de rodilla en un solo tiempo, en pacientes seleccionados, no se pueden establecer comparaciones ni conclusiones relevantes debido a la baja casuística y a la gran diversidad de las cirugías realizadas. La principal ventaja radicaría en evitar procedimientos en dos tiempos quirúrgicos, lo que implicaría dos operaciones, dos anestesias y dos programas de rehabilitación diferentes. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Single-stage bilateral arthroscopic surgery allows the patient to undergo a single postoperative and rehabilitation period. The aim of this article was to evaluate the functional-clinical outcomes and time to return to work and sports in a series of patients who had undergone single-stage bilateral arthroscopy. Materials and Methods: We evaluated a retrospective series of patients who had undergone single-stage bilateral knee arthroscopy from April 2016 to April 2019. Short- and medium-term clinical-functional outcomes, and time to return to work and sports were analyzed. Results: The average age of the patients was 41 years (range 18 - 63), with an average follow-up of 18 months (6-37). The average anesthesia time was 105 minutes (range 60 - 170) and the average surgical time was 85 minutes (50 to 150). The average time to return to work was 2 months (range 1-5). Joint range of motion was fully recovered in all patients. Conclusion: Although single-stage bilateral arthroscopy has shown good clinical outcomes in selected patients, no relevant comparisons or conclusions can be established due to the low casuistry and the great diversity of the surgeries performed. The main advantage would be in avoiding procedures in two surgical stages, which would imply two operations, twice the anesthesia and two different rehabilitation programs. Level of Evidence: IV

Revisión de ligamento cruzado anterior aislado o asociado a plástica extraarticular lateral. Estudio comparativo de treinta y seis casos / ACL revision with and without a lateral extra-articular reconstruction. Comparative study of thirty-six cases

Introducción: El objetivo primario de nuestro trabajo es analizar los resultados funcionales y retorno deportivo de una serie de pacientes operados de revisión de LCA aislado y aquellos en quien se asoció una plástica extraarticular lateral (PEAL). Como objetivo secundario analizamos la tasa de re-ruptura en ambos grupos. Materiales y métodos: cohorte retrospectiva con recolección de datos prospectivo. Se evaluaron pacientes consecutivos operados de revisión de LCA aislado entre 2014 y 2015 (Grupo 1), y en quienes se asoció una plástica extraarticular lateral (PEAL) entre 2015 y 2016 (Grupo 2). Fueron estudiados a través de un examen clínico, escalas subjetivas de Lysholm, IKDC, evaluación artrométrica con KT-1000, retorno deportivo y una resonancia magnética (RM) al año. Analizamos la tasa de re-ruptura.Resultados: treinta y seis pacientes, dieciocho en cada grupo con un seguimiento promedio de cincuenta y tres meses (rango 37-73). Para la PEAL se realizó una tenodesis extraarticular lateral con fascia lata en trece casos y una reconstrucción con aloinjerto en cinco casos. La mediana de edad fue de 30.5 (RIC 27-36 años) en el Grupo 1 y 26.5 (RIC 24-33 años) en el Grupo 2. La mediana de la escala de Lysholm pre y postoperatoria fue 65 (RIC 61-72) y 91 (RIC 87-98) en el Grupo 1, y 72 (RIC 53-75) y 90 (RIC 79-95) en el Grupo 2 (p 0.1). La mediana de la escala de IKDC pre y postoperatoria fue 55 (RIC 45-65) y 80 (RIC 75-94) en el Grupo 1, y 56 (RIC 48-67) y 76 (RIC 68-84) en el Grupo 2 (p 0.11). Dieciséis (89%) pacientes en cada grupo retornaron al deporte. La tasa de re-ruptura fue 17% (n = 3) para el Grupo 1 y 5.5% (n = 1) para el Grupo 2 (p >0.6) en un promedio de veinticuatro meses. Conclusión: los resultados clínicos y de retorno al deporte han demostrado ser satisfactorios ambos grupos. Si bien la tasa de re-ruptura fue tres veces menor en el Grupo 2, esta diferencia no fue significativa. Se requiere mayor número de pacientes y tiempo para establecer una conclusión.Tipo de estudio: Cohorte retrospectiva. Nivel de evidencia: III

Introduction: The aim of this study is to compare the clinical outcomes and return to sports of a consecutive series of patients treated for revision ACL with and without a lateral extra-articular reconstruction. The secondary objective was to analyze the failure rate in both groups.Materials and methods: we retrospectively evaluated a series of patients treated for isolated revision ACL between 2014 and 2015 (Group 1) and revision ACL associated with a lateral extra-articular plasty from 2015 to 2016 (Group 2). All patients were evaluated with clinical examination, subjective scales of Lysholm and IKDC, return to sports, arthrometric KT-1000 evaluation, magnetic resonance (MR) at one-year follow-up and failure rate.Results: thirty-six patients were evaluated, eighteen in each Group with a mean follow-up of fifty-three months (range 37-73). For the LEAP, in thirteen cases we performed a lateral tenodesis with ilio-tibial band and in five cases a reconstruction using allograft. The median age was 30.5 (IQR 27-36 years) for Group 1 and 26.5 (IQR 24-33 years) for Group 2. The median pre and postoperative Lysholm score was 65 (IQR 61-72) and 91 (IQR 87-98) in Group 1, and 72 (IQR 53-75) and 90 (IQR 79-95) in Group 2 (p 0.1). The median pre and postoperative IKDC score was 55 (IQR 45-65) and 80 (IQR 74-94) in Group 1, and 56 (IQR 48-67) and 76 (IQR 68-84) in Group 2 (p 0.11). Sixteen (89%) patients return to sports in each Group. The failure rate was 17% (n = 3) for Group 1 and 5.5% (n = 1) for Group 2 (p >0.6) at a mean of twenty-four months.Conclusion: clinical outcomes and return to sports were similar for both groups. Even though the failure rate was three times less in Group 2, this difference was not statistically significant. Greater number of patients and more follow-up is necessary to establish any conclusion.Type of study: Retrospective cohort . Level of evidence: III

Influencia de las características clínicas y el hemograma basal del paciente en la composición final del plasma rico en plaquetas / Clinical characteristics of basal blood count with the final composition of platelet-rich plasma

Introducción: El objetivo del siguiente estudio fue evaluar la influencia de la edad, el sexo, el índice de masa corporal y el hemograma previo de los pacientes en la composición final del PRP. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un análisis multivariado en trescientos pacientes para determinar la relación entre las mencionadas variables. Resultados: el número de plaquetas finales mostró una relación directa con las plaquetas basales (F (9.187) = 2.067, p = 0.034). Cuando las plaquetas basales aumentaron en una unidad, las plaquetas finales aumentan en promedio con un intervalo de valores de 0.236 a 4.618 (IC 95%, p = 0.00752). Discusión: el valor esperado medio de leucocitos para el protocolo "bajo" es de 1597 y para el nivel "rico" es de 9253, con un IC 95% se espera que el protocolo "rico" aumente en promedio la cantidad de leucocitos finales entre 280 y 785 % con respecto al protocolo "bajo" (p <0.001). Ninguna de las otras variables estudiadas tuvo una influencia significativa en la composición final del PRP. Conclusión: la cantidad de plaquetas en el hemograma basal afectó significativamente la concentración final de plaquetas en el PRP. Además, el protocolo de preparación afectó la concentración final de leucocitos, la que fue significativamente mayor en el protocolo de PRP rico en leucocitos que en el protocolo pobre en leucocitos. El sexo, el IMC y el HTO previo no influyeron significativamente en las concentraciones finales de plaquetas ni de leucocitos del PRP final. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: The purpose of this study study was to evaluate the influence of age, sex, body mass index and previous blood count of patients on the final composition of the PRP. Material and methods: a multivariate analysis was performed in three hundred patients to determine the relationship between sex, age, body mass index (BMI) and the characteristics of the baseline blood count with the final composition of the PRP. Results: the number of final platelets showed a direct relationship with the basal platelets (F (9.187) = 2.067, p = 0.034). When the basal platelets increased by one unit, the final platelets increased on average with a range of values from 0.236 to 4.618 (95% CI, p = 0.00752).Discussion: the mean expected value of leukocytes for the "low" protocol is 1597 and for the "rich" level it was 9253, with a 95% CI the "rich" protocol is expected to increase on average the amount of final leukocytes between 280 and 785 % with respect to the "low" protocol (p <0.001). None of the other variables studied had a significant influence on the final composition of the PRP. Conclusion: the amount of platelets in the basal blood count significantly affected the final concentration of platelets in the PRP. Likewise, the preparation protocol affected the final leukocyte concentration, being the same significantly higher in the leukocyte-rich PRP protocol than in the leukocyte-poor protocol. Sex, BMI and previous HTO did not significantly influence the final platelet or leukocyte concentrations of the final PRP. Level of Evidence: IV

Reconstrucción del aparato extensor de la rodilla con aloinjerto: técnica quirúrgica y protocolo de rehabilitación / Knee extensor mechanism reconstruction with allograft: surgical technique and rehabilitation protocol

La rotura primaria del tendón rotuliano es un cuadro poco frecuente que afecta principalmente a adultos jóvenes activos. Aun menos frecuente es la rotura crónica o recurrente del tendón rotuliano, y es esta última situación la que plantea una importante dificultad técnica a la hora de realizar el debido tratamiento quirúrgico. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar a un paciente que fue sometido a la reconstrucción quirúrgica del aparato extensor mediante el uso de aloinjerto luego de haber pasado por tres cirugías fallidas para la reparación del tendón rotuliano tras sufrir una lesión traumática. Se describen tanto la técnica quirúrgica como el protocolo de rehabilitación. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Primary patellar tendon rupture is a rare condition most commonly seen in active young adults. Even less frequent is the chronic or recurrent rupture of the patellar tendon, the latter being the one which poses a greater technical challenge when performing a surgical treatment. Our objective is to present a case where the surgical reconstruction of the knee extensor mechanism was performed using an allograft. The procedure took place after three initial surgeries to repair the patellar tendon failed, following a traumatic injury. Both the surgical technique and the rehabilitation protocol are described. Level of Evidence: IV

Good mid-term outcomes and low rates of residual rotatory laxity, complications and failures after revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL) and lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET).

BACKGROUND: Residual rotational instability remains a controversial factor when analysing failure rates of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Anatomical and biomechanical studies have demonstrated a very important role of anterolateral structures for rotational control. Revision ACL is considered one of the main indications for a lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET). Yet, few series evaluating these procedures are published. PURPOSE: To perform a systematic review of studies that assessed outcomes in patients treated with revision ACL surgery associated with a lateral extra-articular procedure. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed in February 2018 using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Search and Cochrane. Inclusion criteria were series of ACL revision reconstructions associated with lateral extra-articular procedures. Clinical outcomes (Lysholm, subjective IKDC, KOOS, Cincinnati and WOMAC), joint stability measures (Lachman test, pivot-shift, arthrometer assessment and navigation assessment), graft type, reported chondral and meniscal injury, radiographic outcomes, complications and failures were recorded. Articles were assessed for level of evidence and methodology using a modification of the ACL Methodology Score (AMS) system. RESULTS: Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria out of the 231 abstracts; 9 retrospective evaluations, two prospective cohorts and one combination of two populations (a retrospective and prospective series). A total of 851 patients evaluated with a mean age of 28.8 years (range 16-68 years) and a weighted mean follow-up of 4.9 years (range 1-10 years). The mean time from primary ACL reconstruction to revision was 5.3 years (reported in 7 studies, including 710 patients). The Lysholm, IKDC, and KOOS scores indicated favorable results in studies that reported these outcomes. Objective evaluations reported 86% objective A and B IKDC results, 2.6 mm mean side-to-side arthrometric difference and 80% negative pivot-shift. About 74% of patients returned to their previous sport (evaluated in six studies). Few studies reported radiological evaluation. Fifty-nine complications (8.0%) and 24 failures (3.6%) were reported. The mean modified ACL Methodology Score was 55.5 (range 32-72). CONCLUSION: Good mid-term results were obtained for combined revision ACL reconstruction and lateral extra-articular procedures. Despite the fact that in clinical practice LET are a common indication associated with revision ACL, there are no high-level studies supporting this technique. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Reconstrucción del LCA en una paciente de 72 años. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / ACL reconstruction in 72 years-old patient. Case report and literature review

La reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) es el tratamiento de elección en pacientes jóvenes. Estudios recientes han reportado resultados buenos a excelentes en pacientes de más de cincuenta años, ampliando su indicación y cuestionando la edad cronológica como una barrera para la cirugía. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de setenta y dos años, particularmente activa, que fue tratada exitosamente con una reconstrucción de LCA, así como una revisión de la literatura sobre el tema

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is the gold standard for younger patients. Recent articles have reported good to excellent results for this procedure in patients over 50 years of age, expanding traditional indications and questioning chronologic age as a barrier for surgery. We report a case of a successful ACL reconstruction in an active 72-year-old female patient and review the available literature on the subject

Guía práctica para la indicación de la reconstrucción del ligamento anterolateral de rodilla / Practice guide for indication of the reconstruction of the anterolateral knee ligament

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una "Guía Práctica" para indicar una reconstrucción del ligamento anterolateral (R-LAL) en los pacientes con lesión primaria o revisión del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA). Realizamos un análisis de las distintas indicaciones quirúrgicas para una R-LAL asociada a una reconstrucción del LCA en la literatura. La Guía consta de cinco criterios mayores: Pívot Grado III; Deporte de contacto; Atleta competitivo, ≤ 25 años, Revisión del LCA. Con nueve criterios menores: Hiperlaxitud, artrometría ≥ 8 mm, inestabilidad crónica, lesión menisco, inestabilidad contralateral, fractura de Segond, caída de platillo tibial ≥ 10° y traslación anterior severa de la tibia.Es clave para los cirujanos tener en cuenta los catorce criterios al momento de indicar la R-LAL. Estas normas permiten estandarizar la indicación de la R-LAL que, actualmente, depende de la experiencia y criterio de cada cirujano. Consideramos que esta guía podría ser orientadora y de gran utilidad para los cirujanos de rodilla al momento de definir dicha indicación en el contexto de una reconstrucción del LCA, tanto primaria como de revisión. Tipo de estudio: Artículo de actualización. Nivel de evidencia: V

The purpose of this study is to describe a "Guideline" to be followed by surgeons in order to decide the need to perform an Anterolateral ligament Reconstruction (ALL-R) together with an Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction or revision. This "Guideline for ALL-R" is based on indications suggested in literature. The Guideline includes five major criteria: Pivot shift grade III, Contact sports, Competitive Athletes, ≤ 25-year-old, ACL Revision. Nine minor criteria: Hyperlaxity, KT-1000 with ≥ 8 mm, Chronic instability, meniscal lesion background, Contralateral knee instability, Body Mass Index ≥ 30, Segond fracture, Tibial plateau slope ≥ 10°, severe anterior translation of the tibia.In conclusion, this guideline allows to standardize the indication of ALL-R that presently depends on each surgeon's experience and criteria. Type of study: Current concept review. Level of evidence: V

Lesión tipo rampa meniscal. Actualización, técnica quirúrgica y experiencia personal / Meniscal ramp lesions. Actualization, surgical technique and personal experience

Las lesiones meniscales en rampa son un desgarro longitudinal de la fijación periférica del cuerno posterior del menisco interno a nivel de la unión meniscocapsular, asociadas a la lesión del Ligamento Cruzado Anterior (LCA). Su diagnóstico clínico puede ser dificultoso debido a que pueden cursar de manera asintomática, la resonancia magnética tiene una sensibilidad menor al 50% para detectarlas, y en la artroscopía, desde el portal anterolateral habitual puede pasar desapercibida. Para diagnosticar y tratar estas lesiones es necesario buscarlas sistemáticamente visualizando de manera directa la unión meniscocapsular posterior a través del espacio intercondíleo y trabajando desde un portal posteromedial. Esto hace que este tipo de lesiones sean de difícil diagnóstico y tratamiento. Presentamos la técnica quirúrgica para la detección y reparación de las lesiones en rampa meniscal

Meniscal ramp lesions are a longitudinal tear of the peripheral attachment of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus at the meniscocapsular union, associated with the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. They can be difficult to diagnose clinically because they can be asymptomatic; magnetic resonance imaging has a sensitivity of less than 50%; and arthroscopically, from the anterolateral portal these lesions are hard to find. For diagnosing and treating these lesions, it is necessary to systematically look for them by direct visualization of the posterior meniscocapsular junction through the intercondylar space and working from a posteromedial portal. These types of injuries are difficult to diagnose and treat. We present the surgical technique for the detection and repair of meniscal ramp lesions

Defecto dorsal de rótula. Reporte de un caso tratado quirúrgicamente y revisión de la literatura de los últimos 20 años / Dorsal defect of the patella. Case report surgically treated and literature revision of last 20 years

El defecto dorsal de rotula (DDR) es una lesión poco frecuente, de causa desconocida, pero bien documentada en la literatura. Los trabajos publicados al respecto son principalmente reporte de casos debido a su baja incidencia, y la mayoría tratados de forma conservadora con éxito. Presentamos un caso de una mujer de 29 años con un DDR asociado a un cuadro de sinovitis inespecífica de rodilla, tratada de forma quirúrgica. Describimos los hallazgos artroscópicos e histológicos, así como una revisión de la literatura más reciente. Tipo de Estudio: Reporte de Caso y Actualización. Nivel de Evidencia: V

The dorsal defect of the patella (DDP) is an uncommon lesion, of unknown cause, but well documented in literature. Published articles in this regard are mainly case reports due to its low incidence, and most of them treated conservatively with success. We report a case of a 29-year-old woman with a DDR associated with a non-specific synovitis of the knee, treated surgically. We describe the arthroscopic and histologic findings, as well as a review of the most recent literature. Study design: Case report. Level of evidence: V

Steep Posterior Tibial Slope, Anterior Tibial Subluxation, Deep Posterior Lateral Femoral Condyle, and Meniscal Deficiency Are Common Findings in Multiple Anterior Cruciate Ligament Failures: An MRI Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Tibiofemoral anatomic parameters, such as tibial slope, femoral condyle shape, and anterior tibial subluxation, have been suggested to increase the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction failure. However, such features have never been assessed among patients experiencing multiple failures of ACL reconstruction. PURPOSE: To compare the knee anatomic features of patients experiencing a single failure of ACL reconstruction with those experiencing multiple failures or with intact ACL reconstruction. STUDY: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Twenty-six patients who experienced failure of revision ACL reconstruction were included in the multiple-failure group. These patients were matched to a group of 25 patients with failure of primary ACL reconstruction and to a control group of 40 patients who underwent primary ACL reconstruction with no failure at a minimum follow-up of 24 months. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the following parameters were evaluated: ratio between the height and depth of the lateral and medial femoral condyles, the lateral and medial tibial plateau slopes, and anterior subluxation of the lateral and medial tibial plateaus with respect to the femoral condyle. The presence of a meniscal lesion during each procedure was evaluated as well. Anatomic, demographic, and surgical characteristics were compared among the 3 groups. RESULTS: The patients in the multiple-failure group had significantly higher values of lateral tibial plateau slope ( P < .001), medial tibial plateau slope ( P < .001), lateral tibial plateau subluxation ( P < .001), medial tibial plateau subluxation ( P < .001), and lateral femoral condyle height/depth ratio ( P = .038) as compared with the control group and the failed ACL reconstruction group. Moreover, a significant direct correlation was found between posterior tibial slope and anterior tibial subluxation for the lateral ( r = 0.325, P = .017) and medial ( r = 0.421, P < .001) compartments. An increased anterior tibial subluxation of 2 to 3 mm was present in patients with a meniscal defect at the time of the MRI as compared with patients who had an intact meniscus for both the lateral and the medial compartments. CONCLUSION: A steep posterior tibial slope and an increased depth of the lateral femoral condyle represent a common finding among patients who experience multiple ACL failures. Moreover, higher values of anterior subluxation were found among patients with repeated failure and those with a medial or lateral meniscal defect.

Reparación del ligamento cruzado anterior con utilización de tutor interno: técnica quirúrgica y revisión de la literatura / Anterior cruciate ligament repair with internal brace. Surgical technique and literature review

El concepto de "preservación del ligamento" se centra en conservar la biología y los tejidos nativos. La reparación primaria del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) tiene una indicación muy específica en un grupo seleccionado de pacientes. Preferentemente se realiza en pacientes jóvenes con lesiones proximales, operados dentro de las 6 semanas posterior a la lesión. La preservación del ligamento nativo permite conservar mecanoreceptores propios del ligamento minimizando la morbilidad. Presentamos la técnica quirúrgica para reparación primaria del LCA utilizando una aumentación con tutor interno en pacientes con lesiones proximales. Nivel de evidencia: V

The concept of "ligament preservation" is focused in conserving the biology and native tissue. Primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair has a very specific indication in a select group of patients. It is ideally performed in young patients with proximal ACL tears, within 6 weeks after the lesion. Retaining the native ACL allows mechanoreceptors of the ligament to be preserved minimizing morbidity. We present the surgical technique of arthroscopic primary ACL repair with an internal brace augmentation in patients with proximal tears. Level of evidence: V